U.S. v. MOSS, Cite as 109 AFTR 2d 2012-XXXX, 12/13/2011
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. JAMES E. MOSS, Defendant.
Case Information:
Code Sec(s):
Court Name: IN THE
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF ALABAMA NORTHERN
DIVISION,
Docket No.: CASE
NO. 2:11-CR-26-MEF,
Date Decided:
12/13/2011.
Disposition:
HEADNOTE
.
Reference(s):
OPINION
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT
OF ALABAMA NORTHERN DIVISION,
Memorandum Opinion and Order
Judge: Mark E. Fuller UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
(WO—Publish)
I. Introduction
This cause comes before the Court on Defendant James Moss's
Motion for Judgment of Acquittal and in the Alternative Motion for a New Trial
(Doc. # 160). For the reasons discussed below, the motion is GRANTED IN PART
and DENIED IN PART. More specifically, the motion is GRANTED as to Counts 1.B
and 3 of the Indictment (Doc. # 1) and DENIED as to the remaining counts.
II. Background
This case began when the Government indicted James Moss
(“Moss”) and four other defendants for conduct related to his ownership of
Flash Tax, a tax preparation business in Montgomery, Alabama. The indictment
charged Moss and his co-defendants with one count of conspiracy to defraud the
United States and twenty-six counts of aiding and abetting the submission of
false statements to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). After three of his five
co-defendants pled guilty and agreed to testify against him, the Government
tried Moss and his one remaining co-defendant, Avada Jenkins (“Jenkins”).
At trial, the three co-defendants who pled guilty—Melinda
Lambert (“Lambert”), Chiquita Broadnax (“Broadnax”), and Lutoyua Thompson
(“Thompson”)—testified against Moss and Jenkins. Melinda Lambert testified that
she prepared tax returns for Flash Tax, went to training sessions conducted by
James Moss, and would plug numbers provided by Moss into Flash Tax's Taxwise
software. Lambert further testified that Moss held the training sessions in his
living room—the employees would sip margaritas while Moss displayed tax forms
on a flat screen television. According to Lambert, Moss trained them to
maximize the returns customers would receive by “working the numbers out.” On
cross-examination, the defense elicited testimony from Lambert about her plea
deal and inconsistent statements she later made to Chris Weller, an attorney
hired by Moss.
Chiquita Broadnax told a story similar to Lambert's.
Broadnax testified that Moss taught her how to file tax returns and, more
specifically, taught her to refrain from listing more than $14,000 on the
income line so as to maximize the return the customer would receive. Broadnax
also testified that she prepared more than 400 returns in a single tax year—100%
of which claimed an Earned Income Tax Credit and 85% of which used a Schedule C
worksheet. As to the meetings between her and Chris Weller, she testified that
Moss coached her to pin the blame for the fraud on Lutoyua Thompson during a
meeting at Applebee's—a meeting that occurred after Weller first interviewed
Broadnax.
Lutoyua Thompson backed up both Lambert's and Broadnax's
testimony. According to Thompson, James Moss told her to get customers the
maximum refund possible by using the earned income line and a Schedule C form.
She testified that she observed Moss come into Flash Tax and help customers
inflate deductions to get the maximum refund. Thompson also claimed that Moss
gave her a list of names, birth dates, and Social Security numbers and told her
to use that information to fill out tax returns.
Several other former Flash Tax employees also testified that
Moss trained them to file false returns. 1 Moreover, they claimed that Moss
provided them with training similar to that received by Lambert, Broadnax, and
Thompson. Two undercover IRS agents testified too, stating that they visited
Flash Tax to have returns prepared. The way the agents described how Moss's
employees sought to maximize their returns dovetailed with the former
employees' testimony about how Moss trained his employees to massage the
numbers to get customers the maximum refund. Finally, the Government had
admitted into evidence numerous binders of documents tending to prove Moss
prepared false returns and used Flash Tax bank accounts to make extravagant
purchases.
For the defense, Eddie Warren testified that he worked at
and later managed Flash Tax while the conspiracy allegedly operated.
Contradicting the Government's witnesses, Warren stated that Moss neither
taught his employees to coach customers nor did he encourage the filing of
fraudulent returns. Warren further testified that he saw Broadnax, Lambert, and
Jenkins pull papers from their purse right before entering numbers into their
work computers, thus suggesting the trio acted independently.
Christopher Weller, Moss's attorney, testified for the
defense as well. Weller represented Moss in a dispute over a non-compete
agreement in 2005. And then sometime between December 2006 and January 2007,
Moss came to him after he heard about fraud occurring at Flash Tax. Weller then
interviewed Lambert, Broadnax, Thompson, and Jenkins—once on January 29, 2007
and then again the next day. The three women's stories about Moss's involvement
changed drastically from the first to the second meeting, Weller testified. He
also stated that he helped Moss take remedial measures to clean up Flash Tax
after Moss came to him about the suspected fraud occurring at Flash Tax.
At the close of trial, the jury deliberated and returned
their verdict, finding Moss guilty on all counts. Moss's attorney moved for a
judgment of acquittal, which the Court denied. Now, he renews his acquittal
motion and tacks on a motion for a new trial as an alternate basis for vacating
Moss's conviction.
II. Moss's Motion for Judgment of Acquittal
A court must enter a judgment of acquittal after the
defendant so moves if the evidence presented at trial is insufficient to
sustain a conviction. Fed. R. Crim. P. 29(a). In deciding such a motion, the
trial court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Government and ask whether a reasonable jury could have found the defendant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.United States v. Sellers , 871 F.2d 1019, 1021
(11th Cir. 1989). Put another way, a court has to draw all reasonable
inferences and make all credibility choices with deference to the jury's
verdict when inquiring into the reasonableness of the jury's decision. United
States v. Grigsby, 111 F.3d 806 (11th Cir. 1997) (citing United States v.
O'Keefe, 825 F.2d 314, 319 (11th Cir. 1987)).
A. The conspiracy count
Moss claims the Government failed to establish the elements
necessary to prove a conspiracy under 18 U.S.C. § 371. To sustain a conspiracy
conviction, the Government must prove three elements beyond a reasonable doubt.
First, it has to prove an agreement to achieve an unlawful objective. United
States v. Cure, 804 F.2d 625, 628 (11th Cir. 1986). Second, the Government has
to show the defendant knowingly and voluntarily participated in the conspiracy.
Id. And third, it has to prove the defendant or a member of the conspiracy
committed an overt act in furtherance of the conspiracy. Id.
On the first element, the Government “must prove that the
United States was the ultimate target of the conspiracy,” which includes “any
conspiracy for the purpose of impairing, obstructing or defeating the lawful
function of any department of Government.” United States v. Harmas, 974 F.2d
1262, 1267–68 (11th Cir. 1992) (citing Dennis v. United States, 384 U.S. 855,
861 (1966)). The Government can prove that such a conspiracy existed by
circumstantial evidence,United States v. Silvestri , 409 F.3d 1311, 1328 (11th
Cir. 2005), and it need not prove a “complete detailed agreement” to achieve an
unlawful purpose for a court to sustain a defendant's conviction. See United
States v. Elledge, 723 F.2d 864, 868 (11th Cir. 1984).
Moss makes two main arguments regarding the evidence
supporting his conspiracy conviction. First, he claims the Government failed to
show that he conspired with his co-defendants to “engage[] in a criminal or
unlawful purpose.” (Doc. # 160 at 4.) Second, he asserts there was a dearth of
evidence about whether he knew that his co-defendants were preparing false tax
returns. (Id. at 5.)
These two arguments lack merit under the deferential
standard that applies. Lambert, Broadnax, and Thompson testified that Moss
agreed to pay them to work at Flash Tax and to prepare false tax returns.
According to the three women, Moss had knowledge of the unlawful scheme,
actively encouraged his employees to supply false information to the IRS, and
provided training to this end. This testimony, standing alone, suffices to
prove an agreement to achieve an unlawful objective, Moss's knowing
participation in the conspiracy, and an overt act in furtherance of the illicit
enterprise.
Other former Flash Tax employees told much the same story.
For example, Yunko Babies—a former tax preparer at Flash Tax—testified that
Moss told him to “play with the numbers” when someone came in and provided him
with information that led to a refund below the maximum. Similarly, Cynthia
Hargrove—another former Flash Tax preparer—testified that Moss trained her,
taught her how to bring a customer's income within the range that would
maximize his or her return, and showed her how to game a Schedule C worksheet
to get more money from the IRS. Two other former Flash Tax employees—Kasanta
Stewart and Marrell Crittenden—produced testimony substantially similar to that
of the three co-defendants, Babies, and Hargrove.
Still, Moss claims that this evidence does not suffice,
arguing that no one testified that he explicitly told anyone to do anything
fraudulent. He also contends that, because he had managers oversee Flash Tax's
day-to-day operations, he lacked the necessary knowledge about the illegal
activity to sustain a conviction. Although some of the witnesses testified on
cross-examination that Moss never explicitly said to file a fraudulent return,
the jury had ample leeway to convict Moss. Indeed, by telling his workers to
“play with the numbers,” and by training them to ignore the customer's actual
earnings and instead use a predetermined range meant to maximize the customer's
refund, the jury could infer that Moss conspired with his employees to achieve
an unlawful objective. 2See Silvestri , 409 F.3d at 1328 (allowing Government
to prove conspiracy with circumstantial evidence).
As for his knowledge, Moss's use of managers to oversee
Flash Tax's day-to-day operations neither negates his intent to defraud the IRS
nor does it require one to infer that he lacked knowledge about what went on at
his business. Otherwise, a jury could never find a defendant guilty of
conspiracy so long as he employed a well-trained agent to carry out his prohibited
dealings. The various employees' testimony about the training they received,
combined with Moss's commands to “play with the numbers,” provided the jury
with a basis for inferring Moss's knowledge.
Because the Court has to take the testimony at face value
and weigh all evidence in favor of the verdict, see Sellers, 871 F.2d at 1021,
a judgment of acquittal is unwarranted. The testimony of Moss's three
co-defendants, plus that of Babies, Stewart, Hargrove, and Crittenden,
established the necessary elements of a conspiracy. And contrary to Moss's
assertions, it does not suffice that Eddie Warren's and Chris Weller's
testimony tended to prove that Moss lacked knowledge about the fraudulent
activity. The conflicting stories merely create a factual dispute for the jury
to resolve. 3 To chose one story over the other the Court would have to find
that the Government's witnesses lacked credibility—something the Court cannot
do under Rule 29. Moss's motion for a judgment of acquittal on the conspiracy
count is therefore denied.
B. The substantive counts
Moss next contends that the Government failed to present
sufficient evidence to support his twenty-six count conviction for aiding and
abetting another in the preparation of false tax returns. To sustain such a
conviction, the Government had to produce sufficient evidence to prove the
following three elements beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) that Moss willfully or
knowingly aided or assisted (2) in the preparation or filing of a federal
income tax return (3) that contained material statements that the defendant
knew were false. 26 U.S.C. § 7206(2);United States v. Parker , 277 Fed. App'x.
952, 957 [101 AFTR 2d 2008-2244] (11th Cir. 2008). But the Government did not
have to prove that Moss physically helped prepare and file the false returns.
To the contrary, “[e]ach party to a continuing conspiracy may be vicariously
liable for substantive criminal offenses committed by a co-conspirator during
the course and in the furtherance of the conspiracy,” despite the defendant's
non-participation or lack of knowledge about the substantive offenses. United
States v. Mothersill, 87 F.3d 1214, 1218 (11th Cir. 1996) (citing Pinkerton v.
United States, 328 U.S. 640, 646 [34 AFTR 1277]–47 (1946)).
The Government called a number of witnesses who testified
about receiving a fraudulent tax refund because a Flash Tax employee used false
information on his or her tax return. Six of these witnesses testified that
Moss personally prepared a return using the information provided by the
customer. Moss reasons that he could not have known about the falsity of the
information provided to him because each individual customer signed his or her
own form, thereby taking responsibility for its contents. He further points out
how the Government's own witness, IRS tax expert Regina McMillan, admitted that
a tax preparer does not violate the Internal Revenue Code by preparing a return
containing false information unless the preparer had reason to know of the
information's falsity.
The Government responds by noting that “the guilt or
innocence of the taxpayer for whom the return was filed is irrelevant to the
question of the adviser's guilt.”United States v. Rowlee , 899 F.2d 1275, 1279
[65 AFTR 2d 90-973] (2d Cir. 1990) (citing cases from Second, Seventh, Eighth,
and Ninth Circuits for the same proposition). This Court finds thatRowlee
states a sensible rule that the court of appeals for the circuit should, and
likely would, adopt. Yet theRowlee rule does not quite get the Government over
the hump: it still had to prove Moss's knowledge of the material falsity. So
while the taxpayer's guilt or innocence lacks relevance, the information given
by the taxpayer to the tax preparer is of the utmost importance, because a tax
preparer who is mislead by a taxpayer, and who acts in good faith, should not
face criminal liability for reasonably relying on the taxpayer's false
representations. See United States v. Kellogg, 955 F.2d 1244 [69 AFTR 2d
92-1080] (9th Cir. 1992) (upholding conviction for aiding and abetting
preparation of false tax returns where evidence sufficient to find tax preparer
lacked good faith belief in truth of information provided to him); United
States v. Sassak, 881 F.2d 276 [64 AFTR 2d 89-5338] (6th Cir. 1989) (upholding
conviction of defendant even though he acted only as “typist” because evidence
showed willfulness or knowledge concerning falsity of returns he prepared).
With this in mind, Moss asserts that, in five of the six
counts in which the Government charged him with personally preparing false
returns, the customer signed a separate affidavit taking responsibility for the
contents of the return. The affidavit stated the customer knew what information
the form contained and that it was complete and accurate. Moss contends that the
affidavit, combined with the customer's signature on the tax return, absolve
Moss of liability. But the evidence produced at trial, and credited by the
jury, suggests otherwise.
Jerome Givhan 4 testified that he had his taxes done at
Flash Tax and that his tax preparer claimed a false loss for his lawn care
business on a Schedule C. According to Givhan, he did not provide the preparer
with any documents. Nor does it appear that he was asked questions to verify
his claimed business losses. In fact, Givhan testified that his preparer filled
out the forms without Givhan having knowledge as to the deductions claimed on
his behalf. According to Givhan, when the preparer finished, he told Givhan to
sign the return and an accompanying affidavit, and Givhan dutifully complied,
signing both documents but never reviewing either. Although Givhan said that he
forgot who prepared his taxes, the preparer identification number on his tax
return corresponded with James Moss's identification number, which amounts to
circumstantial evidence that Moss prepared Givhan's return.
Bobby Reeves 5 told the jury a similar story about his Flash
Tax experience. Reeves testified that he neither operated a business nor
suffered an operating loss during the relevant tax years. His Schedule C,
however, claimed that he did. Yet he never had any discussions with his
preparer about his expenses. And like Givhan, Reeves quickly signed the
documents without reading them. The Government, moreover, showed that the
preparer identification number on Reeves's tax return corresponded with James
Moss's.
Carlos Smith 6 similarly testified that his return had a
Schedule C attached. That document listed “lawn care” as his business and
claimed gross receipts of $7,420. Smith admitted to the falsity of both claims.
He additionally admitted that he signed the form and documents provided by
Flash Tax, but, like Givhan and Reeves, spent no time whatsoever reviewing the
paperwork. His preparer processed him in about fifteen minutes and without
explaining the documents. The Government, like it did with Givhan and Reeves,
elicited from Smith that his tax form had Moss's identification number in the
spot used to identify who prepared the return.
Felicia Boyd 7—James Moss's ex-sister-in-law—testified that
she dropped her tax information and a voided check off with Moss for him to
prepare her return. Like the other taxpayers testifying for the Government,
Boyd's form had James Moss's tax preparer identification number on it. Boyd's
return claimed she ran a hairstyling business that incurred a loss for the
relevant tax year. But at trial Boyd testified that she did not operate a
hairstyling business or lose the amount of money listed as a business loss on
her return. Perhaps most importantly, Boyd made clear that she dropped the form
off with Moss and never saw it again: he never went over the numbers with her,
never explained to her the importance of filling out the form correctly, and
failed to even show the return to Boyd after he completed it.
Hillary Myrick 8 identified James Moss in open court,
fingering Moss as the man who prepared her taxes. Myrick testified that,
contrary to the information contained on her tax return, she did not own or
operate a day care facility in 2006 nor did she spend $17,175 to that end.
Further contradicting her return, she testified that she did not lose $12,375
doing a side job. According to Myrick, Moss filled out her forms and showed her
where to sign—all without so much as asking questions about the Schedule C, going
over the document with her, or explaining anything other than how much she
would receive back from the IRS.
Looking at this testimony in the light most favorable to the
verdict, the jury could have found that Moss prepared the witnesses' taxes with
knowledge of the false information on each return. By filling out the Schedule
Cs without asking about profits and losses, Moss had no way of knowing the true
figures that he should have reported to the IRS. And without making a good
faith attempt to inquire into the truth or falsity of the information, one
could find that Moss provided the false information himself or that he at least
had constructive knowledge about how the returns contained material
falsities.See United States v. Poole , 640 F.3d 114, 121 [107 AFTR 2d
2011-2163]–22 (4th Cir. 2011) (“... in a criminal tax prosecution, when the
evidence supports an inference that a defendant was subjectively aware of a
high probability of the existence of a tax liability, and purposefully avoided
learning the facts point to such liability, the trier of fact may find that the
defendant exhibited “willful blindness” satisfying the scienter requirement of
knowledge”) (citingUnited States v. Anthony , 545 F.3d 60, 64 [102 AFTR 2d
2008-6745] (1st Cir. 2008); United States v. Wisenbaker, 14 F.3d 1022, 1027 [73
AFTR 2d 94-1309] (5th Cir. 1994); United States v. Hauert, 40 F.3d 197, 203 [74
AFTR 2d 94-7004] n.7 (7th Cir. 1994); United States v. Bussey, 942 F.2d 1241,
1246 [68 AFTR 2d 91-5405] (8th Cir. 1991)).
Moss also claims that he could not have done anything more
than what he did to guard against fraud. This contention lacks merit. At a bare
minimum, Moss could have asked the taxpayers questions about their earnings,
verified that they had businesses, explained the contents of their completed
tax returns and the affidavits they signed, or conformed to customary tax
preparation practices. 9 The evidence suggests he did none of these things.
At bottom, the Government put forward ample evidence of
knowledge and willfulness to sustain a conviction on the counts related to the
returns of Givhan, Reeves, Smith, Myrick, and Boyd. As for the counts in which
another Flash Tax preparer filed the return, the Pinkerton doctrine makes Moss
liable for any of his co-conspirators' actions that furthered the conspiracy,
see Mothersill, 87 F.3d at 1218, including submitting false tax returns without
Moss's direct involvement. The Government produced substantial evidence showing
that Moss trained his co-conspirators to file false returns and that the
co-conspirators did just that. This suffices to sustain the convictions on the
counts in which a co-conspirator prepared the false return.
The counts related to Tomeka Boggan 10 present more of a
problem. Boggan testified that she too had her tax returns filled out at Flash
Tax. The Government, like it did with a number of other witnesses, elicited
from Boggan that the preparer identification number on her return matched James
Moss's identification number. On direct examination, Boggan said she babysat
during 2006, making about $150 per week. Yet her return showed that she made
$9,600 dollars that year, about $2,000 above what someone would earn in a year
at a $150-per-week clip. Boggan further testified that her preparer spent
little time going over the return with her and failed to explain the numbers he
put down on the form.
On cross-examination, however, Moss's attorney had Boggan
clarify that she reviewed her tax return and that she had no problem with the
numbers put down on the form. Boggan testified she reviewed and understood the
affidavit given to her by Moss before signing it, had no problem with the
numbers used when she reviewed the documents on her own later that day, and
told IRS Agent Wilson that the information on her form was correct and mirrored
the information that she gave to Moss at Flash Tax.
Boggan's direct examination testimony hopelessly contradicts
her testimony on cross-examination. Her direct testimony, on the one hand,
establishes the necessary elements to convict Moss of aiding and abetting the
filing of a false tax return. On the other hand, her cross-examination
testimony suggests that her return correctly stated her earnings, which, if
true, means that Moss did not aid her in the preparation of a false tax return.
Since the Court has to look at the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Government and make all credibility choices in favor of the verdict, it must
credit Boggan's direct examination testimony, which clearly supports the guilty
verdict.
For the reasons discussed above, Moss's motion for a
judgment of acquittal is therefore denied on all counts.
III. Moss's Motion for a New Trial
“Upon the defendant's motion, the court may vacate any
judgment and grant a new trial if the interest of justice so requires.” Fed. R.
Crim. P. 33. Unlike a Rule 29 motion, the Court “need not view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the verdict.” United States v. Martinez, 763 F.2d
1297, 1312 (11th Cir. 1985). Nor does the Court have to refrain from considering
the credibility of witnesses.Id. Even so, “the court may not reweigh the
evidence and set aside the verdict simply because it feels some other result
would be more reasonable.” Id. at 1312. The evidence must instead weigh heavily
against the verdict “such that it would be a miscarriage of justice to let the
verdict stand.” Id. at 1312–13. What is more, motions for new trial are
disfavored: courts should only “grant them sparingly and with caution, doing so
only in those really “exceptional cases.”” Id. at 1313. (citing United States
v. Lincoln, 630 F.2d 1313, 1319 (8th Cir. 1980); United States v. Indelicato,
611 F.2d 376, 387 (1st Cir. 1979); United States v. Simms, 508 F. Supp. 1188,
1202 (W.D. La. 1980)).
The Court is mostly satisfied that the trial produced
sufficient evidence to sustain Moss's convictions. As discussed above, the
Government put forth an overwhelming amount of evidence on the key elements of
both the conspiracy and substantive counts, save for those related to Tomeka
Boggan's tax return. And although Eddie Warren contradicted the testimony of
the former Flash Tax employees who testified, the jury's decision to credit the
former employees' testimony over Warren's does not amount to a miscarriage of
justice. In fact, it is the type of difficult decision that our system of
justice routinely relies on juries to make with minimal post-verdict
supervision by the trial court. The same can be said about the jury's decision
to discount Moss's interactions with Chris Weller, the most significant of
which took place after the fraud occurred and when Moss had the greatest
incentive to cover his tracks.
Tomeka Boggan's contradictory testimony, however, requires
the Court, in the interest of justice, to set aside Moss's conviction on the
related counts. Boggan explicitly stated on cross that she gave true
information to Moss, which he then entered on her return. This later-in-time
testimony negates her initial claim that Moss prepared a false return on her
behalf. The Government, moreover, failed to clean up her initial statements on
redirect, which leaves her unclarified testimony about the truth of the return
as the last word on the matter. The evidence consequently fails to support a
finding beyond a reasonable doubt that Boggan's tax return contained a false
statement, a required element for a conviction under 26 U.S.C. § 7206(2). The
Court therefore vacates the judgment against Moss on the related counts.
IV. Conclusion
James Moss's Motion for Judgment of Acquittal and in the
Alternative Motion for a New Trial (Doc. # 160) is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED
IN PART as set forth below.
(1.) The motion is GRANTED as to Counts 1.B and 3 of the
Indictment (Doc. # 1) and the judgment on those counts is hereby VACATED.
(2.) The motion is DENIED as to all remaining counts.
(3.) No later than January 24, 2012 the Government shall
notify the Court of its intent to proceed with a retrial against Defendant Moss
on Counts 1.B and 3 of the Indictmentor file a motion to dismiss counts 1.B and
3 of the indictment.
Done this the 13th day of December, 2011.
Mark E. Fuller
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
1
The other Flash Tax
employees who testified were Yunko Babies, Cynthia Hargrove, Kasanta Stewart,
and Marrell Crittenden.
2
The jury also could
have construed Moss's order to “play with the numbers” as an explicit command
to prepare false returns.
3
Moss does not
dispute that his claim centers on discrepancies between the testimony of the
various witnesses. (See Doc. # 160 at 4 (“Since there is conflicting testimony
about what exactly took place at the training sessions conducted by Mr. Moss,
the Government failed to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Mr. Moss
conspired with the co-defendants to intentionally defraud the United States
Government by preparing and filing false tax returns.”).)
4
Givhan's testimony
corresponds with counts 1.F and 7 of the indictment.
5
Reeves's testimony
corresponds with counts 1.M and 14 of the indictment. Counts 1.L and 13 also
corresond with Reeves's testimony, but those counts alleged that Jenkins acted
as preparer.
6
Smith's testimony
corresponds with counts 1.R and 19 of the indictment.
7
Boyd's testimony
corresponds with counts 1.C and 4 of the indictment. Note that Boyd's last name
was “Brazil” when the Government filed the indictment.
8
Myrick's testimony
corresponds with counts 1.H and 9 of the indictment. Myrick's last name was
“Harvey” when the Government filed the indictment.
9
Testimony at trial
established that Flash Tax preparers took about ten to fifteen minutes to
prepare a return. Conversely, testimony about the business practices at other
tax preparation outfits suggested that it takes at least thirty minutes to fill
out a form properly and inform the customer about the contents.
10
Bogganwww.irstaxattorney.com (212) 588-1113 ab@irstaxattorney.com
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