Fraudulent intent may be established by circumstantial
evidence and reasonable inferences drawn from the record. See Clayton v.
Commissioner, supra at 647. In Bradford v. Commissioner, 796 F.2d 303, [pg.
1903] 307-308 [58 AFTR 2d 86-5532] (9th Cir. 1986), affg. T.C. Memo. 1984-601
[¶84,601 PH Memo TC], the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
articulated a nonexclusive list of factors which demonstrate fraudulent intent.
These “badges of fraud” include: (1) Understating income; (2) maintaining inadequate
records; (3) failing to file tax returns; (4) giving implausible or
inconsistent explanations of behavior; (5) concealing assets; (6) failing to
cooperate with tax authorities; (7) engaging in illegal activities; (8)
attempting to conceal illegal activities; (9) dealing in cash; and (10) failing
to make estimated tax payments. While no single factor is necessarily
sufficient to establish fraud, the existence of several indicia constitutes
persuasive circumstantial evidence. See Bradford v. Commissioner, supra at 303.
Failure to keep records is another badge of fraud. See
Truesdell v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 1280,
1302 (1987). Petitioner did not keep any records of the amounts he embezzled.
Jacynthia Quinn v. Commissioner, TC Memo 2012-178 , Code
Sec(s) 170.
JACYNTHIA QUINN, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL
REVENUE, Respondent.
Case Information:
[pg. 1357]
Code Sec(s): 170
Docket: Dkt.
No. 9140-10.
Date Issued:
06/27/2012.
Judge: Opinion by
Kroupa, J.
Tax Year(s): Years
2006, 2007.
Disposition:
Decision for Commissioner.
HEADNOTE
1. Charitable contribution deductions—substantiation.
Taxpayer/longtime IRS compliance officer's charitable contribution deductions
were denied due to lack of substantiation. Although taxpayer offered some
receipts, they were unreliable and multiple charity representatives testified
that they had been altered or fabricated. Moreover, charities' records and
taxpayer's own bank statements didn't corroborate amounts taxpayer was
claiming.
Reference(s): ¶ 1705.50(70) Code Sec. 170
2. Medical expense deductions—substantiation.
Taxpayer/longtime IRS compliance officer's medical and dental expense
deductions were, save for nominal amount IRS conceded, denied due to lack of
substantiation. Although taxpayer offered some documentation of supposed
expenses for husband's care, such appeared to have been altered. Documents
included those allegedly issued by doctor that didn't spell doctor's name
consistently and expense statement that was contradicted by letter from
doctor's staff. Also, taxpayer's husband was unable to state that he had been
treated as described and there was no proof that taxpayer actually paid amounts
listed on provider statements.
Reference(s): ¶ 2135.16(15) Code Sec. 213
3. Dependency exemption deductions— qualifying child—age
requirements— full-time student—qualifying relative— support—proof.
Taxpayer/longtime IRS compliance officer was denied dependency exemption
deductions for children and mother: children were over age 19 and not shown to
be fulltime students, so Code Sec. 152(c) 's age requirement for qualifying
child wasn't met; and mother had Social Security benefits exceeding amount of
support taxpayer provided for her, so Code Sec. 152(d) 's support requirement
for qualifying relative wasn't met.
Reference(s): ¶ 1525.03(5) ; ¶ 1525.09(5) Code Sec. 152;
Code Sec. 151; Code Sec. 7491
4. Fraud penalties—underpayments— concealment—clear and
convincing evidence. Fraud penalties were upheld against taxpayer/longtime IRS
compliance officer: IRS proved by clear and convincing evidence that taxpayer
fraudulently underpaid her taxes for each year. Evidence included that taxpayer
was trained and experienced in auditing returns and examining Schedule
deductions, yet claimed such deductions on her own returns without providing
adequate substantiation and relied instead on altered or fabricated documents
in attempt to deceive IRS and Tax Court. Further, amounts she was claiming far
exceeded amounts that her altered or otherwise questionable documents could
support. And she cancelled several hearings and otherwise failed to cooperate
with IRS, and in fact attempted to obstruct IRS inquiries.
Reference(s): ¶ 66,635.01(5) Code Sec. 6663
Syllabus
Official Tax Court Syllabus
Counsel
Jacynthia Quinn, pro se.
Blake W. Ferguson and Heather K. McCluskey, for respondent.
KROUPA, Judge
MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal
income tax of $9,940 and $8,040 for 2006 and 2007, respectively (years at
issue). After concessions from both parties, 1 we are asked to decide two
issues. The primary issue is whether petitioner, a tax compliance officer for
the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), is entitled to claimed charitable
contribution deductions, medical and dental expense deductions, and dependency
exemption deductions. We [pg. 1358] hold that she is not entitled to the
claimed deductions. We must also decide whether petitioner is liable for the
civil fraud penalty under section 6663 for the years at issue. 2 We hold that
she is liable for the civil fraud penalty.
FINDINGS OF FACT
The parties have stipulated some facts. We incorporate the
stipulation of facts and accompanying exhibits by this reference. Petitioner
resided in California when she filed the petition.
Petitioner is married to Michael Quinn (collectively, the
couple). 3 Petitioner earned a bachelor of arts degree in education from
Prairie View A&M University. Petitioner also attended accounting courses
after completing college.
Petitioner began a career with the IRS in the 1980s.
Petitioner has served as a tax compliance officer since the 1990s. She remains
in that position at the IRS office in El Monte, California.
Tax compliance officers, among other things, audit returns
and examine deductions claimed on Schedule A, Itemized Deductions. The process
requires the tax compliance officer to meet with a taxpayer, review the
taxpayer's records and determine whether the taxpayer substantiated the claimed
deductions. The IRS formally trained petitioner to conduct such audits.
Petitioner regularly audited individual returns where charitable contributions
and medical expenses were at issue.
The deficiencies arise from the couple's joint Federal
income tax returns for the years at issue. Petitioner prepared and
electronically filed each return. The couple claimed charitable contributions
of $23,549 for 2006 and $24,567 for 2007. The couple also claimed medical and
dental expenses of $22,217 for 2006 and $25,325 for 2007. Additionally, the
couple claimed petitioner's mother, Bettie Mitchell, and their sons, Michael D.
Quinn (Michael) and Marlon L. Quinn (Marlon) as dependents for 2006. Petitioner
claimed Ms. Mitchell and Marlon as dependents for 2007. Michael and Marlon were
both older than 19 during the years at issue. Ms. Mitchell resided in Alabama
and had $13,950 of Social Security income for 2006 and $14,418 for 2007.
Petitioner provided Ms. Mitchell support of $650 in 2006 and $400 in 2007.
Respondent reviewed the joint income tax returns for the
years at issue. Petitioner provided a binder of photocopied documents
purportedly substantiating the charitable contributions and medical and dental
expenses. Petitioner canceled three hearings with the Appeals officer shortly
before they were scheduled to occur. Petitioner failed to provide originals of
the documents that the Appeals officer requested.
Respondent issued the couple the deficiency notice
disallowing the deductions for claimed charitable contributions and medical and
dental expenses. Petitioner timely filed a petition. Before trial respondent
filed an amendment to his answer asserting petitioner was not entitled to any
claimed dependency exemptions for the years at issue. Petitioner now concedes
two of the children were not eligible dependents.
OPINION
This is primarily a substantiation case in which we must
decide whether petitioner, a tax compliance officer for the IRS, is entitled to
the claimed deductions and dependency exemptions. We also need to decide
whether petitioner is liable for the civil fraud penalty. We address each issue
in turn.
I. Claimed Deductions and Exemptions
We begin with the burden of proof.
A. Allocation of the Burden of Proof
Determinations of the Commissioner in a deficiency notice
are presumed correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving otherwise.
Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 [12 AFTR 1456] (1933).
Deductions are generally a matter of legislative grace, and the taxpayer bears
the burden of proving he or [pg. 1359] she is entitled to claimed deductions.
INDOPCO, Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79, 84 [69 AFTR 2d 92-694] (1992); New
Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering, 292 U.S. 435, 440 [13 AFTR 1180] (1934). This includes
the burden of substantiation. Hradesky v. Commissioner, 65 T.C. 87, 90 (1975),
aff'd per curiam, 540 F.2d 821 [38 AFTR 2d 76-5935] (5th Cir. 1976). A taxpayer
must substantiate amounts claimed as deductions by maintaining the records
necessary to establish he or she is entitled to the deductions. Sec. 6001;
Hradesky v. Commissioner, 65 T.C. at 90. The Court need not accept a taxpayer's
self-serving testimony when the taxpayer fails to present corroborative
evidence. Beam v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1990-304 [¶90,304 PH Memo TC]
(citing Tokarski v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 74, 77 (1986)), aff'd without
published opinion 956 F.2d 1166 (9th Cir. 1992). The burden may shift to the
Commissioner if the taxpayer proves that he or she has satisfied certain conditions.
Sec. 7491(a); Snyder v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2001-255 [TC Memo 2001-255]
(citing H. R. Conf. Rept. No. 105-599, at 240-241 (1998), 1998-3 C.B. 747,
994-995). Respondent challenged the claimed charitable contributions and
medical and dental expenses in the deficiency notice. Petitioner has not
complied with the substantiation requirements of section 7491(a) with respect
to those items. See Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438 (2001). The burden of
proof therefore remains on petitioner. See Rule 142(a).
The Commissioner bears the burden of proof, however, on any
new matters, increases in deficiencies or affirmative defenses pleaded in his
answer. Rule 142(a)(1); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. at 115; see also Shea v.
Commissioner, 112 T.C. 183, 190-191 (1999); Parker v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.
2012-66 [TC Memo 2012-66]; Bobo v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2010-121 [TC Memo 2010-121].
Respondent first raised in his amended answer the dependency exemptions the couple
claimed. Thus, the burden of proof rests with respondent with respect to the
dependency exemptions.
B. Charitable Contributions
We now consider the claimed charitable contributions. A
taxpayer's charitable contributions are generally deductible under section 170(a). No deduction is allowed,
however, for any contribution of $250 or more unless the taxpayer substantiates
the contribution by a contemporaneous written acknowledgment of the
contribution by a qualified donee organization. Sec. 170(f)(8)(A). The amount
of the deduction for a contribution of property generally equals the fair
market value of the property on the date contributed. Sec. 1.170A-1(c)(1),
Income Tax Regs.
A taxpayer claiming a charitable contribution is generally
required to maintain for each contribution a canceled check, a receipt from the
donee charitable organization showing the name of the organization and the date
and amount of the contribution, or other reliable written records showing the
name of the donee and the date and amount of the contribution. Sec. 1.170A-13(a)(1),
Income Tax Regs. No deduction for a contribution of money in any amount is
allowed unless the donor maintains a bank record or written communication from
the donee showing the name of the donee organization, the date of the
contribution and the amount of the contribution. Sec. 170(f)(17). The taxpayer
has the burden of demonstrating that the records are reliable. Sec.
1.170A-13(a)(2)(i), Income Tax Regs.
Petitioner proffered “receipts” purportedly confirming
charitable contributions. They were inconsistent and unreliable.
Representatives from seven different charitable organizations credibly
testified that the receipts were altered or fabricated. For example, petitioner
offered a receipt purportedly substantiating $12,500 of charitable
contributions to a religious organization. The purported receipt, however,
identified individuals other than the couple as the donors. The organization's
records did not reflect any contributions made by the couple and confirmed that
the other identified individuals had contributed $12,500. Other purported
receipts also appeared to have been tampered with and were suspect. None of the
organizations' records verified any charitable contribu[pg. 1360] tions the
couple claimed for the years at issue. Nor did the couple's bank statements
corroborate the amounts the couple claimed they contributed. Further, Mr. Quinn
did not recall making any of the purported contributions. In each instance,
petitioner failed to offer reliable substantiation. We therefore conclude that
petitioner is not entitled to any deduction for claimed charitable
contributions of $48,116 for the years at issue except the nominal amounts
respondent conceded, which consisted of $175 for 2006 and $10 for 2007.
C. Medical and Dental Expenses
Next, we turn to the medical expense deductions petitioner
claimed. An individual taxpayer is permitted a deduction for expenses paid
during the tax year for medical care of the taxpayer, the taxpayer's spouse or
the taxpayer's dependent to the extent that such expenses exceed 7.5% of
adjusted gross income. Sec. 213(a).
Petitioner similarly failed to substantiate the claimed
medical and dental expenses. Some of her documentation also suffered from
authenticity problems and appeared to have been “doctored.” Petitioner offered
three documents purportedly issued by Dr. Christopher Ajigbotafe or his staff
confirming more than $9,000 in medical expenses for Mr. Quinn. Each document, however,
spelled the doctor's last name differently (“Ajigohotafe,” “Ajibotafe” and
“Ajigbotafe”). One “statement” was dated in January 2006 and estimated expenses
for the upcoming year. The amount of expenses for 2007 contained in another
“statement” was contradicted by a letter purportedly from the doctor's staff.
None of the documents appeared authentic or showed that the couple paid any of
the purported medical costs. Nor was Mr. Quinn able to corroborate that Dr.
Ajigbotafe treated him during the years at issue. We find these documents to be
fabricated.
Petitioner presented other hospital, doctor and pharmacy
statements in an attempt to substantiate the claimed medical and dental
expenses. The statements set forth the providers' charges. They did not reflect,
however, that the couple paid the charges. Petitioner's banking records also
did not verify that the couple paid the expenses. 4 Thus, petitioner failed to
meet her burden to substantiate the claimed medical and dental expenses of
$47,542 other than $30 for 2007 that respondent conceded.
D. Dependency Exemptions
We now turn to the claimed dependency exemptions for the
years at issue. As previously mentioned, respondent bears the burden of proof
on this issue. 1. Qualifying Children
A taxpayer is allowed an annual exemption deduction for each
“dependent.” Dependent for this purpose is defined in section 152. Sec. 151(c).
The term “dependent” includes a qualifying child and a qualifying relative.
Sec. 152(a). As relevant here, a “qualifying child” of the taxpayer is an
individual that is a child of the taxpayer, had the same principal place of
abode as the taxpayer for more than one-half of the tax year, met certain age
requirements, and has not provided over one-half of such individual's own support
for the tax year. Sec. 152(c)(1). An individual that has not attained the age
of 19 at the close of the calendar year satisfies the age requirement. Sec.
152(c)(3)(A)(i). A full-time student that has not attained the age of 24 by the
close of the calendar year also meets the age requirement. Sec.
152(c)(3)(A)(ii).
Respondent contends that petitioner's sons did not meet the
age requirements of section 152. 5 We
agree. Respondent demonstrated that the sons were older than 19 during the
years at issue. Petitioner argues that each was a full-time student yet has
provided no substantiation. There is no basis in the record to conclude that
petitioner's sons met the age requirement. We note that the couple claimed
their two adult daughters even though, as petitioner conceded, neither met the
age requirement. [pg. 1361] Petitioner has repeatedly attempted to obstruct the
resolution of this matter, including shielding information relevant to this
issue. 6 Consequently, we also accept the assertions in the amendment to the
answer that the couple's sons did not meet the age requirement. Accordingly,
petitioner is not entitled to dependency exemption deductions for Michael for
2006 and Marlon for the years at issue. 2. Qualifying Relative
We now focus on whether petitioner may claim her mother as a
dependent for the years at issue. A taxpayer may also claim a qualifying
relative as a dependent. Sec. 151. The
taxpayer must provide more than one-half of the individual's support to claim a
dependency exemption for a qualified relative. 7 Sec. 152(d)(1)(C). Social Security benefits,
although excludable from gross income in certain circumstances, are considered
when calculating the total amount of an individual's support. Sec 1.152-1(a)(2)(ii),
Income Tax Regs.
Ms. Mitchell's Social Security benefits exceeded the support
petitioner provided. Petitioner did not provide Ms. Mitchell with more than
half of her financial support. In fact, petitioner provided less than 5% of her
mother's income for each year at issue. Accordingly, petitioner was not
entitled to a dependency exemption deduction for her mother for the years at
issue.
II. Fraud Penalty
We now consider whether petitioner is liable for the fraud
penalty under section 6663. The Commissioner must prove by clear and convincing
evidence that the taxpayer underpaid his or her income tax and that some part
of the underpayment was due to fraud. Secs. 7454(a), 6663(a); Rule 142(b);
Clayton v. Commissioner, 102 T.C. 632, 646 (1994). Fraud is a factual question
to be decided on the entire record and is never presumed. Rowlee v.
Commissioner, 80 T.C. 1111, 1123 (1983); Beaver v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. 85, 92
(1970). For each tax year, it must be established by independent evidence. See
Daoud v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2010-282 [TC Memo 2010-282] (citing
Niedringhaus v. Commissioner , 99 T.C. 202, 210 (1992) and Petzoldt v.
Commissioner, 92 T.C. 661, 699 (1989)). Once the Commissioner has established
by clear and convincing evidence that any portion of an underpayment is attributable
to fraud, the entire underpayment shall be treated as attributable to fraud,
except with respect to any portion of the underpayment that the taxpayer
establishes (by a preponderance of the evidence) is not attributable to fraud.
Sec. 6663(b); see Foxworthy, Inc. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2009-203.
The Commissioner must show that the taxpayer acted with
specific intent to evade tax that the taxpayer knew or believed he or she owed
by conduct intended to conceal, mislead or otherwise prevent the collection of
the tax. Sec. 7454; Recklitis v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 874, 909 (1988);
Stephenson v. Commissioner, 79 T.C. 995, 1005 (1982), aff'd, 748 F.2d 331 [55
AFTR 2d 85-313] (6th Cir. 1984). Direct evidence of fraud is seldom available,
and its existence may therefore be determined from the taxpayer's conduct and
the surrounding circumstances. Stone v. Commissioner, 56 T.C. 213, 223-224
(1971).
Courts have developed several indicia or badges of fraud.
These badges of fraud include understatement of income, inadequate records,
failure to file tax returns, concealment of assets, failure to cooperate with
tax authorities, filing false documents, failure to make estimated tax
payments, engaging in illegal activity, attempting to conceal illegal activity,
dealing in cash, implausible or inconsistent explanations of behavior, an
intent to mislead that may be inferred from a pattern of conduct, and lack of
credibility of the taxpayer's testimony. Spies v. United States, 317 U.S. [pg.
1362] 492, 499 [30 AFTR 378] (1943); Bradford v. Commissioner, 796 F.2d 303,
307-308 [58 AFTR 2d 86-5532] (9th Cir. 1986), aff'g T.C. Memo. 1984-601
[¶84,601 PH Memo TC]. A taxpayer's intelligence, education and sophistication
are relevant in determining fraudulent intent. Scott v. Commissioner, T.C.
Memo. 2012-65 [TC Memo 2012-65]; Wright v. Commissioner; T.C. Memo. 2000-336 [TC Memo 2000-336]. The
understatement of income can be shown by an overstatement of deductions. See
Daoud v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.
2010-282 [TC Memo 2010-282] (citing Hicks Co. v. Commissioner, 56 T.C. 982,
1019 (1971), aff'd, 470 F.2d 87 [31 AFTR
2d 73-382] (1st Cir. 1972)). Although no single factor is necessarily
sufficient to establish fraud, a combination of several of these factors may be
persuasive evidence of fraud. Solomon v. Commissioner , 732 F.2d 1459, 1461 [53
AFTR 2d 84-1276] (6th Cir. 1984), aff'g per curiam T.C. Memo. 1982-603 [¶82,603
PH Memo TC].
Our analysis starts with a fact that permeates the entire
record. Namely, petitioner is an experienced tax compliance officer that
remains employed by the IRS. Petitioner should have a complete understanding of
substantiation requirements. Despite her background, petitioner has presented
altered or fabricated documentation in an attempt to deceive respondent and the
Court.
She understated her income by claiming deductions she was
not entitled to claim for each year at issue. Even if we accepted her purported
records (which we do not), she still claimed significantly more contributions
and expenses than her questionable records supported. It is incredible that a
tax compliance officer would be able to substantiate only $185 of charitable
contributions yet claim charitable contributions of $48,116 for the years at
issue. The charitable organizations confirmed that petitioner claimed
contributions that she had not made. It is equally troubling that she was able
to substantiate only $30 of the $47,542 of medical and dental expenses claimed.
Petitioner's records were also incomplete or inauthentic and
consistently unreliable. Her employment with the IRS made available other
taxpayer records substantiating claimed Schedule A deductions of the types at
issue here. While we cannot be certain of the source, we find that some (if not
most) of petitioner's records for each year at issue were altered. Unexplained
inaccuracies in other documents imply that petitioner fabricated receipts for
both years at issue. Even documents that appeared genuine did not substantiate
that the couple actually incurred those costs or expenses.
Her testimony and assertions in the post-trial brief were
also inconsistent and implausible. Petitioner maintained she was unaware of the
requirements for accurately stating and substantiating income. We find this
incredible. In contrast, the credible testimony of her supervisor, her husband
and representatives of the charitable organizations contradicted petitioner's
records, testimony and assertions.
Finally, petitioner did not cooperate with respondent as she
canceled several hearings, ignored discovery requests and obstructed her
husband's deposition. She failed to provide originals when respondent doubted
the authenticity of photocopied documents. Petitioner systematically attempted
to obstruct respondent's inquiries. She has not acted in accordance with her
experience as a tax compliance officer and she has grossly misrepresented her
tax liabilities for the years at issue.
In toto, several of the badges of fraud apply to petitioner.
We conclude that respondent has proven by clear and convincing evidence that
petitioner fraudulently underpaid her tax liabilities for each of the years at
issue. Accordingly, we find that petitioner is liable for the fraud penalty
under section 6663. 8
In reaching these holdings, we have considered all of the
parties' arguments, and, to the extent not addressed here, we conclude that
they are moot, irrelevant or without merit.
To reflect the foregoing, [pg. 1363]
Decision will be entered under Rule 155.
1
Respondent concedes
that petitioner's husband Michael Quinn made charitable contributions of $175
for 2006 and $10 for 2007. Respondent also concedes that petitioner paid $30 of
medical expenses for 2007. Petitioner conceded at trial that the couple could
not claim their two daughters, Dayrell and Wilonda, as dependents for 2006.
2
All section
references are to the Internal Revenue Code for the years at issue, and all
Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure, unless
otherwise indicated.
3
The couple filed
joint Federal income tax returns for the years at issue. Mr. Quinn did not sign
or ratify the petition. A spouse that does not sign a petition requesting
review of a joint deficiency notice must ratify the petition and intend to
become a party to that case. Otherwise, the Court lacks jurisdiction over the
nonsigning spouse. See Levitt v. Commissioner, 97 T.C. 437, 441 (1991).
4
Respondent
reconstructed petitioner's financial history by comparing claimed expenses with
bank statements for the years at issue. Check numbers identified on receipts
did not correspond with the check numbers honored by the couple's bank during
the years at issue. Petitioner did not demonstrate that she or her husband paid
any of these medical or dental expenses.
5
Respondent does not
dispute that petitioner's sons met the relationship and abode requirements.
Respondent alleges that the support requirement has not been met. We need not
consider these requirements because the record does not support that either son
met the age requirement.
6
We require that
parties resolve as many issues as possible before trial. See Rules 91, 123(a).
Parties that violate the Rules are subject to sanctions. See Rules 104(c),
123(a). Petitioner failed to respond to requests for production of documents
that sought documentation related to the sons' support and status as full-time
students. We granted respondent's motion to compel and ordered petitioner to
respond. We warned petitioner that we would impose sanctions under Rule 104 if
she did not comply. She has not provided any substantiation, despite claims in
her post-trial brief otherwise. As a result of petitioner's failure to provide
information related to this issue, the matters that respondent asserted in his
amendment to the answer will be deemed established. See Rule 104(c); cf.
Cochrane v. Commissioner, 107 T.C. 18, 26 (1996).
7
Respondent concedes
that the other requirements of section 152(d) have been met.
8
Respondent
alternatively requested we impose an accuracy-related penalty under section
6662. In light of our finding of fraud, we need not consider the
accuracy-related penalty.
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