Esther Njoroge and Paul Kibiro v. Commissioner., U.S. Tax Court, T.C. Summary Opinion 2009-177, (Nov. 30, 2009)
Docket No. 18133-08S. Filed November 30, 2009.
OR ANY OTHER CASE.
Discussion
Deductions are a matter of legislative grace, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving entitlement to the deductions claimed. Rule 142(a); INDOPCO, Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79, 84 (1992); New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering, 292 U.S. 435, 440 (1934). Pursuant to section 7491(a) the burden of proof may be shifted to the Commissioner where a taxpayer has introduced credible evidence regarding factual issues relevant to ascertaining his tax liability. Rule 142(a)(2). Petitioners have neither claimed nor shown eligibility for a shift in the burden of proof. Consequently, the burden of proof remains with petitioners.
Section 469(a) generally disallows any passive activity loss for any taxable year. A “passive activity loss” is defined as the excess of the aggregate losses from all passive activities for the taxable year over the aggregate income from all passive activities for that year. Sec. 469(d)(1). The term “passive activity” is defined as any activity involving the conduct of any trade or business in which the taxpayer does not materially participate. Sec. 469(c)(1). Rental activity is treated as a per se passive activity whether or not the taxpayer materially participates in the activity. Sec. 469(c)(2), (4).
There are two principal exceptions to the general disallowance rule of section 469(a) for rental real estate activity. The first exception is found in section 469(i). Section 469(i)(1) provides:
(1) In general.—In the case of any natural person, subsection (a) shall not apply to that portion of the passive activity loss or the deduction equivalent * * * of the passive activity credit for any taxable year which is attributable to all rental real estate activities with respect to which such individual actively participated in such taxable year * * *.
This exception in section 469(i) is limited to losses that do not exceed $25,000. Sec. 469(i)(2). The $25,000 maximum “offset”, however, begins to phase out for taxpayers whose adjusted gross income exceeds $100,000 and is completely phased out for taxpayers whose adjusted gross income is $150,000 or more. Sec. 469(i)(3)(A). For this purpose, adjusted gross income is determined without regard to “any passive activity loss or any loss allowable by reason of subsection (c)(7).” Sec. 469(i)(3)(F).
On their 2005 Form 1040, petitioners reported adjusted gross income of $113,861. On their attached Schedule E they reported $40,503 of either passive activity losses or losses determined under section 469(c)(7). Consequently, for this purpose, petitioners' adjusted gross income is modified by adding the $40,503 loss back to the reported adjusted gross income of $113,861; i.e., petitioners' modified adjusted gross income, for purposes of section 469(i), is $154,364. Because petitioners' modified adjusted gross income is more than $150,000, they are not entitled to any offset under section 469(i).
The second exception, under section 469(c)(7), applies special rules if the taxpayer is a real estate professional. Under section 469(c)(7)(B) a taxpayer qualifies as a real estate professional, and the rental real estate activity of the taxpayer is not a per se passive activity under section 469(c)(2), if:
(i) More than one-half of the personal services performed in trades or businesses by the taxpayer during such taxable year are performed in real property trades or businesses in which the taxpayer materially participates, and
(ii) such taxpayer performs more than 750 hours of services during the taxable year in real property trades or businesses in which the taxpayer materially participates.
See Bailey v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2001-296. In the case of a joint return the requirements of section 469(c)(7)(B) are satisfied if and only if either spouse separately satisfies the requirements. Sec. 469(c)(7)(B) (flush language). As a result, if either spouse qualifies as a real estate professional, the rental activities of such spouse are not per se passive under section 469(c)(2). See sec. 469(c)(7)(A)(i).
Although a taxpayer may establish the extent of his or her participation in a real estate business by “any reasonable means”, sec. 1.469-5T(f)(4), Temporary Income Tax Regs., 53 Fed. Reg. 5727 (Feb. 25, 1988), a postevent “ballpark guesstimate” will not suffice, see Lee v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2006-193; Bailey v. Commissioner, supra; Carlstedt v. Commission, T.C. Memo. 1997-331; Speer v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1996-323; Goshorn v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1993-578.
The record is devoid of any evidence establishing that either petitioner met the requirements of section 469(c)(7)(B). Petitioners have not provided even a “ballpark guesstimate” of the number of hours either of them spent on the rental real estate activity. Nothing in the record establishes whether more than one-half of the personal services performed by either of petitioners was performed in their rental real estate activity or whether either of them spent more than 750 hours in that activity. Mr. Kibiro testified that he and his wife did not keep “meticulous records” regarding the rental properties, and petitioners produced no such records at trial. Although Mrs. Njoroge testified that she traveled to the Springfield property two or three times a week, there is no indication of the number of hours she spent working on the rental properties. Consequently, petitioners have not established that they meet the requirements of either section 469(c)(7)(B)(i) or (ii). Because petitioners have failed to establish that either spouse qualifies as a real estate professional under section 469(C)(7)(B), their rental real estate activity is per se passive under section 469(c)(2).
Petitioners have not met the requirements of any of the exceptions to the general disallowance rule of section 469(a). Accordingly, we sustain respondent's determination to disallow the $40,503 loss.
To reflect the foregoing,
Decision will be entered for respondent.

Footnotes


1
Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code as amended, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
2
Although neither party has addressed it, we note that respondent also disallowed a $3,250 tuition and fees expense deduction petitioners claimed on the 2005 return. Furthermore, petitioners have not asserted that respondent's computational adjustments to itemized deductions are erroneous.
Rule 34(b)(4) provides that the petition in a deficiency action shall contain: “Clear and concise assignments of each and every error which the petitioner alleges to have been committed by the Commissioner in the determination of the deficiency or liability. * * * Any issue not raised in the assignments of error shall be deemed to be conceded.”
Petitioners have not pleaded error regarding the disallowance of the deduction for tuition and fees expense, nor have they pleaded error regarding the computational adjustments to itemized deductions. Accordingly, we deem any issue regarding the tuition and fees expense deduction and the computational issue regarding itemized deductions conceded by petitioners.